Escrito por: Tony Schwartz
I've been playing tennis for nearly five decades. I love the
game and I hit the ball well, but I'm far from the player I wish I were.
I've been thinking about this a lot the past couple of
weeks, because I've taken the opportunity, for the first time in many years, to
play tennis nearly every day. My game has gotten progressively stronger. I've
had a number of rapturous moments during which I've played like the player I
long to be.
And almost certainly could be, even though I'm 58 years old.
Until recently, I never believed that was possible. For most of my adult life,
I've accepted the incredibly durable myth that some people are born with
special talents and gifts, and that the potential to truly excel in any given
pursuit is largely determined by our genetic inheritance.
During the past year, I've read no fewer than five books —
and a raft of scientific research — which powerfully challenge that assumption
(see below for a list). I've also written one, The Way We're Working Isn't
Working, which lays out a guide, grounded in the science of high performance,
to systematically building your capacity physically, emotionally, mentally, and
spiritually.
We've found, in our work with executives at dozens of organizations,
that it's possible to build any given skill or capacity in the same systematic
way we do a muscle: push past your comfort zone, and then rest. Aristotle Will
Durant*, commenting on Aristotle, pointed out that the philosopher had it
exactly right 2000 years ago: "We are what we repeatedly do." By
relying on highly specific practices, we've seen our clients dramatically
improve skills ranging from empathy, to focus, to creativity, to summoning
positive emotions, to deeply relaxing.
Like everyone who studies performance, I'm indebted to the
extraordinary Anders Ericsson, arguably the world's leading researcher into
high performance. For more than two decades, Ericsson has been making the case
that it's not inherited talent which determines how good we become at
something, but rather how hard we're willing to work — something he calls
"deliberate practice." Numerous researchers now agree that 10,000
hours of such practice is the minimum necessary to achieve expertise in any
complex domain.
That notion is wonderfully empowering. It suggests we have
remarkable capacity to influence our own outcomes. But that's also daunting.
One of Ericsson's central findings is that practice is not only the most
important ingredient in achieving excellence, but also the most difficult and
the least intrinsically enjoyable.
If you want to be really good at something, it's going to
involve relentlessly pushing past your comfort zone, as well as frustration,
struggle, setbacks and failures. That's true as long as you want to continue to
improve, or even maintain a high level of excellence. The reward is that being
really good at something you've earned through your own hard work can be
immensely satisfying.
Here, then, are the six keys to achieving excellence we've
found are most effective for our clients:
1 - Pursue what you love. Passion is an incredible motivator. It
fuels focus, resilience, and perseverance.
2 - Do the hardest work first. We all move instinctively toward
pleasure and away from pain. Most great performers, Ericsson and others have
found, delay gratification and take on the difficult work of practice in the
mornings, before they do anything else. That's when most of us have the most
energy and the fewest distractions.
3 - Practice intensely, without interruption for short periods
of no longer than 90 minutes and then take a break. Ninety minutes appears to
be the maximum amount of time that we can bring the highest level of focus to
any given activity. The evidence is equally strong that great performers
practice no more than 4 ½ hours a day.
4 - Seek expert feedback, in intermittent doses. The simpler and
more precise the feedback, the more equipped you are to make adjustments. Too
much feedback, too continuously can create cognitive overload, increase
anxiety, and interfere with learning.
5 - Take regular renewal breaks. Relaxing after intense effort
not only provides an opportunity to rejuvenate, but also to metabolize and
embed learning. It's also during rest that the right hemisphere becomes more
dominant, which can lead to creative breakthroughs.
6 - Ritualize practice. Will and discipline are wildly
overrated. As the researcher Roy Baumeister has found, none of us have very
much of it. The best way to insure you'll take on difficult tasks is to build
rituals — specific, inviolable times at which you do them, so that over time
you do them without having to squander energy thinking about them.
I have practiced tennis deliberately over the years, but
never for the several hours a day required to achieve a truly high level of excellence.
What's changed is that I don't berate myself any longer for falling short. I
know exactly what it would take to get to that level.
I've got too many other higher priorities to give tennis
that attention right now. But I find it incredibly exciting to know that I'm
still capable of getting far better at tennis — or at anything else — and so
are you.
Here are the recent books on this subject:
- Talent is Overrated by Geoffrey Colvin. My personal favorite.
- The Talent Code by Daniel Coyle
- Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell
- The Genius in All of Us by David Schenk
- Bounce by Mathew Syed
Sobre o autor: Tony Schwartz is president and CEO of The Energy Project. He
is the author of the June, 2010 HBR article, "The Productivity Paradox:
How Sony Pictures Gets More Out of People by Demanding Less," and
coauthor, with Catherine McCarthy, of the 2007 HBR article, "Manage Your
Energy, Not Your Time." Tony is also the author of the new book "The
Way We're Working Isn't Working: The Four Forgotten Needs that Energize Great
Performance" (Free Press, 2010).
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